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Article History

Received: 11 March 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. In Finland, the Medical Research Act (488/1999) mandates ethics committee review for medical research involving interventions that affect participants’ physical integrity. The present study, a voluntary and anonymous survey of employees’ work-related perceptions, does not constitute medical research under this Act. For non-medical research with human participants, the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) has issued national guidelines specifying the research designs that require ethical review [ ]. The study design did not meet any of the criteria requiring ethical review under these guidelines: participation was voluntary and based on informed consent; no personal identifiers were collected; participants were adults; and the survey did not involve physical intervention, exceptionally strong stimuli, or risk of harm exceeding that of normal daily life. Accordingly, ethics committee approval was neither required nor sought. The target organization’s senior management and research committee reviewed and approved the research plan prior to data collection. Respondents provided informed consent by accepting a privacy statement before accessing the survey. No demographic or background information was collected that would enable the identification of individual respondents.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The corresponding author is employed by the organization under study and serves as its AI project manager at the time of data collection.