Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 October 2023

Accepted: 1 June 2026

First Online: 13 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was sought for the UDHS survey from the Inner City Fund (ICF) Institutional Review Board (IRB) and acquired by staff from the UDHS team, ICF International Incorporated and UBOS, who administered the survey. The DHS datasets for public use did not allow individuals, households, or sample communities to be identified. Analyses conducted were based on anonymised data from the datasets. Upon personally requesting for access to the ethics documentation, the ethical approval document from the ICF IRB was obtained, which complied with the requirements of the United States Department of Health and Human Services for the “Protection of Human Subjects” (45 CFR 46), as proof of ethical review of the 2016 UDHS.

: Not applicable.

: Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi has received research funding from Pfizer and Janssen, the Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson. All other authors declare no competing interests.