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Authors
Islam, Mohammad Wazedul
Rahman, Mosiur
Afrin, Mst. Sadia
Hossain, Md. Kamal
Haque, Md. Nuruzzaman
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Article History
Received: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 5 June 2026
First Online: 11 July 2026
Declarations
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: The conclusions presented in this study are based on the analysis of publicly available survey data, ensuring anonymity and the absence of individual-level identifiers. The original Service Provision Assessment (SPA) survey, from which these data were derived, received ethical approval from both the Ministry of Health’s ethical review board of each country and the Institutional Review Board of ICF International in the United States. Informed consent was obtained from the most senior health professional overseeing client services and the person in charge of each participating health facility during the SPA survey. Given the anonymized nature of the database, this secondary analysis was granted exemption from ethical review by the Ethical Review Board of the Institute of Biological Sciences at the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh (No. 293(13)/320/IAMEBBC/IBSc).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
