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Authors
Adam, Abdikarim Abdi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5181-4730
Mohamed, Mohamed Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0756-1225
Osman, Nor Haji https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8051-0977
Anyiam, Felix Emeka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2774-7406
Jimale, Kassim Abdi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-8959
Hassan, Yahye Sheikh Abdulle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-3000
Hassan, Shafie Abdulkadir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6022-815X
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 9 June 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study was reviewed and approved by the Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee (Certificate No: JUREC0131/CGS345/052024), and the study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and local institutional guidelines. Official permission was granted by the Ministry of Health and the Department of Digital Health in Mogadishu, Somalia, following a formal request outlining the purpose of the data request, the specific secondary data needed, and its intended use for academic research. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, after they had been informed about the purpose of the study, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time. No personal identifiers were collected, and all data were gathered anonymously and handled confidentially.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
