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Authors
Al Zamel, Ahmad Mohammad https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8796-6403
Ahmed, Marafi Jammaa https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5032-8627
Eisa, Lamya Bashir https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0520-9975
Ahmed, Farah Saifaldin Abdlrhman https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5617-1332
Alkheir, Omama Alkheir Mohammed Ahmed
Alhaja, Altom Alhaja Hamad
Fadlallah, Amjad Mohammed Tibin https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5851-4103
Mokhtar, Mona Yasseen Abass https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-6284
Ahmed, Mona Yasir Dafaalla https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1747-3611
Abdalla, Sami Fatehi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7396-8376
Mohammed, Reel Hizabr Ghulamallah https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2870-1380
Elalawy, Intisar A. M. A. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1777-1058
Shaar, Abdulkader https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-7501
Fatehi, Doha Sami https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5598-2926
Saeed, Ali Awadallah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-4825
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 19 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Department of clinical pharmacy Research Ethics Committee (FPNU-REC), Faculty of Pharmacy, National University, Research Ethical Committee (REC), Khartoum-Sudan (Approval No.: FPNU-06-11/2024). All participants provided verbal informed consent before participation. Verbal informed consent was obtained due to varying literacy levels among participants and to ensure culturally appropriate participation procedures in community settings in Sudan. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any stage of the study. All in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All authors have given their consent to publish this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
