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Authors
Wang, Fan
Hung, Ruth Y. Y.
Wang, Ningshen
Zhang, Peng
Hu, Hailin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
APRC-CityU New Research Initiatives/Infrastructure Support from Central of City University of Hong Kong (9610601)
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Article History
Received: 25 January 2026
Accepted: 6 July 2026
First Online: 13 July 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Approval No.: SH9H-2023-T459-2). All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation and audio-recording. At the start of each consultation, clinicians explained the study purpose, confidentiality protections, and the voluntary nature of participation. Participants were informed that they could withdraw at any time without consequences. All recordings were de-identified prior to analysis.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
