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Authors
Jabeen, Ishrat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-2837
Shomik, Mohammad Sohel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8192-6862
Hossain, Sahadat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-5440
Ara, Tasnu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1105-7876
Manna, Ridwana Maher
Islam, S. M. Hasibul https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2938-7192
Akter, Tahmina https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1653-9026
Usmani, Nasimul Ghani https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3824-6711
Chandra, Pradip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-0546
Ahamed, Bibek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-1216
Al Mamun, Md. Abdullah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-9832
Islam, Md. Shariful https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6191-299X
Amin, Md. Robed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-5103
Maruf, Mohammad Muntasir https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-0585
El Arifeen, Shams https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5372-5932
Rahman, Ahmed Ehsanur https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-1079
Hossain, Aniqa Tasnim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-6729
Perkins, Janet E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-1752
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2026
Accepted: 7 July 2026
First Online: 18 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and received the ethical approval from the Ethical Review Committee of the International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (protocol PR-22103). This followed after receiving rigorous scientific review by the Research Review Committee, which comprises a diverse body of scientific experts. The study involves no more than minimal risk of clients. However, before each interview, study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits were explained to participants, and verbal informed consent was gained before the interview. Moreover, all participants’ personal information was anonymous and confidential. For future use, we used anonymous data to make sure this did not conflict with or violate the maintenance of privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality of the participants’ information. Participants had the full freedom and right to not participate in this study and to withdraw participation at any time during data collection.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT and Jenni.AI to improve language clarity and readability. The authors subsequently reviewed and revised the generated content and take full responsibility for the final version of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
