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Authors
Wang, Rui
Jia, Yuehui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jiangsu Vocational Health Education Steering Committee (WJ202604)
Jiangsu Commission of Health (CW202523)
Doctorate Research Foundation of Qiqihar Medical University (QMSI2023B-16)
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 17 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilized secondary aggregated data from publicly available national statistical yearbooks (China Health and Family Planning Yearbook and China Health Statistical Yearbook). All data were collected and published at the provincial level by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, with no individual patient information, personal identifiers, or human subjects involved. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not applicable for this study. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
