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Authors
Bowles, Kathryn H.
Hirschman, Karen B.
Stawnychy, Michael A.
O’Connor, Melissa
Mikkelsen, Mark E.
You, Sang Bin
Sang, Elaine
Oh, Sungho
Pitcher, Katherine
Newman, Brittany
Weiss, Charlotte
Lee, Chaerin
Hodgson, Nancy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Nursing Research (2R01NR016014)
National Institute of Nursing Research (2R01NR016014)
National Institute of Nursing Research (2R01NR016014)
National Institute of Nursing Research (2R01NR016014)
National Institute of Nursing Research (2R01NR016014)
National Institute of Nursing Research (T32NR009356)
National Institute of Nursing Research (T32NR009356)
National Institute of Nursing Research (T32NR009356)
National Institute of Nursing Research (T32NR009356)
Betty Irene Moore Fellowship for Nurse Leaders
National Institute of Aging (1F99AG095132)
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Article History
Received: 10 April 2026
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 17 July 2026
Declarations
Human ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki by three Institutional Review Boards (University of Pennsylvania #843958, Lancaster General Hospital #843958, and VNS Health #1736370) and all participants provided verbal consent to participate and be recorded. Participation was voluntary, with assurances of confidentiality and all data were de-identified.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
