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Authors
Aidoo-Frimpong, Gloria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-2953
Mensah, Winfred Kofi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1184-6973
Anyidoho, Daniel Selase https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8248-6428
Obeng, Yaa Adutwumwaa https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0465-5816
Abubakar, Abass Tando https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5888-0237
Oduro, Maame Araba https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6616-6320
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University at Buffalo’s Offices of International Education (OIE) and the Vice President for Research and Economic Development
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Article History
Received: 22 April 2026
Accepted: 25 September 2026
First Online: 3 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of the University at Buffalo (STUDY00009328) and the Ensign Global College Ethics Review Committee (IRB/EL/AF-02/2025). All study procedures complied with Ghana’s Data Protection Act and U.S. federal regulations for the protection of human subjects. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Participants provided informed consent to participate and for the publication of de-identified findings, including anonymized quotations.
Consent for publication: All participants provided informed consent for the publication of de-identified data, including anonymized quotations.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
