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Authors
Pfrengle, Saskia
Neukamm, Judith
Guellil, Meriam
Keller, Marcel
Molak, Martyna
Avanzi, Charlotte
Kushniarevich, Alena
Montes, Núria
Neumann, Gunnar U.
Reiter, Ella
Tukhbatova, Rezeda I.
Berezina, Nataliya Y.
Buzhilova, Alexandra P.
Korobov, Dmitry S.
Suppersberger Hamre, Stian
Matos, Vitor M. J.
Ferreira, Maria T.
González-Garrido, Laura
Wasterlain, Sofia N.
Lopes, Célia
Santos, Ana Luisa
Antunes-Ferreira, Nathalie
Duarte, Vitória
Silva, Ana Maria
Melo, Linda
Sarkic, Natasa
Saag, Lehti
Tambets, Kristiina
Busso, Philippe
Cole, Stewart T.
Avlasovich, Alexei
Roberts, Charlotte A.
Sheridan, Alison
Cessford, Craig
Robb, John
Krause, Johannes
Scheib, Christiana L.
Inskip, Sarah A.
Schuenemann, Verena J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-3672
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Zurich’s University Research Priority Program “Evolution in Action: From Genomes to Ecosystems”
the Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (S-HEP) at the University of Tübingen
Max-Planck Society
European Regional Development Fund (No. 2014–2020.4.01.16–0030)
Estonian Research Council personal research grants (PUT1339, PRG243)
Research Council personal research grants (PRG1027)
Wellcome Trust (2000368/Z/15/Z)
St John’s College, Cambridge
National Science Centre in Poland (2018/31/B/HS3/01464)
H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (845479)
Fondation Raoul Follereau
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/00283/2020, IF001862014, SFRH/BD/130165/2017, UIDB/04004/2020, SFRH/BPD/117128/2016)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2021
Accepted: 7 August 2021
First Online: 5 October 2021
Declarations
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: All human samples are more than 70 years old and anonymous, and therefore they do not require ethical approval for the genetic analysis under current Swiss law (). In addition, for the samples processed in Cambridge (UK), all are over 100 years of age and therefore are not subject to the Human Tissue Act (2004). The samples were provided under agreements on scientific collaboration with relevant people linked to the following skeletal collections, who all fully support this study and are listed in the acknowledgments: Edix Hill (Barrington A), Cambridgeshire; Church End, Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire; The Hospital of St John the Evangelist, Cambridge; The Nonneseter site, Bergen, Norway; St Mary’s Church, Kirk Hill, Scotland; Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal leprosarium; Cordiñanes de Valdeón, León, Spain; Studenka necropolis, Mahileu region, Belarus; The Hospital of Sant Llàtzer, Barcelona, Spain; Blokhuizen, The Netherlands; Santarém, Portugal; Beja leprosarium, Beja, Ermida de Santo André; D.G. Rokhlin Collection, Moscow, Russia. We also followed guidance for the ethical treatment of human remains following BABAO ().
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
