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Authors
Smith, Cara F.
Nikolakis, Zachary L.
Ivey, Kathleen
Perry, Blair W.
Schield, Drew R.
Balchan, Neil R.
Parker, Joshua
Hansen, Kirk C.
Saviola, Anthony J.
Castoe, Todd A.
Mackessy, Stephen P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-2545
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (DEB-1655571, DEB-1655571)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2022
Accepted: 12 May 2023
First Online: 6 June 2023
Declarations
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: All snake collections and field-collected samples were conducted according to permits obtained from the Colorado Parks and Wildlife (scientific collecting permits #14HP974, 17HP0974, 20HP0974, to SPM), the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (scientific collecting permit #1544, SPM), New Mexico Game and Fish Department (permit #3418, SPM), Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (permit # 1COLL10567, SPM), Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (permit #SPR-0604–391, SPM), Montana Permit (2020–076-076-W and 2019–075-W, TAC). Venom extractions and toxicity tests were performed in accordance with protocols (1905D-SM-SbirdsLM-22, 2004D-SM-S-23) approved by the University of Northern Colorado Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
