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Article History

Received: 22 February 2024

Accepted: 16 October 2024

First Online: 23 October 2024

Declarations

:

: The applied procedure was fully reward-based and non-invasive. The study was endorsed by the Institutional Animal Welfare Committee (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest), who checked and accepted the experimental method (Ref. no.: ELTE-AWC-013/2023). The full procedure was performed in accordance with the Hungarian regulations on animal experimentation and the Guidelines for the use of animals in research described by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB). The research did not include human experimentation or the collection of sensitive data from the owners, and because of this, human ethical approval was not required in Hungary. We obtained a written informed consent from every dog owner prior to testing, and participation was voluntary. Before the test, dog owners were informed about the use of data, the aim of the experiment, the procedure, and the option to stop the test any time they thought their dog experienced any sort of unacceptable stress (none of the owners opted to stop the test).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.