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Authors
Mikula, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2731-9105
Grünwald, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0336-8647
Reif, Jiří https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2553-7333
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty of Environmental Sciences CZU Prague (REES003)
Charles University Grant Agency (166423)
Technische Universität München
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: This kind of research requires no special permits in Czechia. All fieldwork was conducted following the approved guidelines. Data were collected in public places and private lands where no special permit was required. The method used to estimate avian tolerance towards human disturbance was designed to cause only brief and minimal disturbance to birds; in cities, this disturbance typically does not differ from standard background disturbance caused by other site visitors.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
