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Authors
Le Floch, Auriane
Girard-Buttoz, Cédric
Neumann, Christof
Azaiez, Tanit Souha
Bande, Natacha
Wittig, Roman M.
Zuberbühler, Klaus
Crockford, Catherine
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Université de Neuchâtel
The Leakey Foundation
Max Planck Society Presidential Funds for the Evolution of Brain Connectivity Project (M.IF.A.XXXX8103)
swissuniversities
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_185324)
National Centre for Competence in Research "Evolving Language" (51NF40_180888)
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: The research was conducted under the Taï Chimpanzee Project research permit (Wittig/006/MESRS/DRI), issued by the Ivorian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and the Ivorian Office of Parks and Reserves, which granted access to the Taï National Park. This study employed purely observational methods, involving audio recordings, and was approved by the Ethikrat der Max Planck Gesellschaft. All research adhered to the ethical guidelines of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour and the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
