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Article History

Received: 9 June 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved experiments on Drosophila species only. No human participants, human data, or human tissue were involved. Ethical approval for the characterization of disease and immune responses in invertebrate organisms was provided by the University of Edinburgh’s School of Biological Sciences Ethics committee, and external ethical approval was not required as arthropods are not regulated under national animal research ethics frameworks.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.