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Article History

Received: 17 October 2017

Accepted: 9 February 2018

First Online: 21 March 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: This study used publicly available information and did not require ethics approval from the Yale University School of Medicine Human Research Protection Program.

: Not applicable.

: OC is funded by a postdoctoral research fellowship at the University of Exeter Medical School. In the past 36 months, JDW, GSG, and JSR received research support through Yale from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation to support the Collaboration on Research Integrity and Transparency at Yale and JDW received research support through the Meta Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. HMK and JSR received research support through Yale from Johnson and Johnson to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing, from Medtronic Inc. and the FDA to develop methods for the postmarket surveillance of medical devices, and from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures that are used for public reporting. HMK received compensation as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for United Healthcare and JSR received research support through Yale from the FDA to establish a Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation at Yale University and the Mayo Clinic, from the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association to understand medical technology evaluation better, and from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882).

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