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Article History

Received: 23 January 2019

Accepted: 17 April 2019

First Online: 24 May 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Local Institutional Review Boards approved each survey, and all respondents gave informed consent. Approval was granted by the Bioethics Committee of the School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, in Argentina; the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health in Belgium; the Research and Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, in Brazil; the Deputy Minister and head of the Executive Committee of the National Psychiatric Program in Bulgaria; the Ethics Committee for the FES Social Foundation in Colombia; the Comité Institucional de Ética Universidad CES in Colombia—Medellin; the Committee of the Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés in France; the Ethics Committee of the University of Leipzig in Germany; the Ethics Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Health in Iraq; the Italian National Institute of Health in Italy; the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Okayama University School of Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Jichi University School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and Yamagata University School of Medicine in Japan; the University of Balamand Faculty of Medicine Institutional Review Board in Lebanon; the Ethics Committee in research of the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz in Mexico; the Ethics Committee of the Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction in the Netherlands; the New Zealand Health Ethics Committees in New Zealand; the University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Join Ethics Committee in Nigeria; the University of Ulster Ethics Committee in Northern Ireland; the National Institute of Health in Peru; the Ethics Committee of the Shenzhen Kangning Hospital in Shenzhen; the Bioethical Committee of Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologi in Poland; the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Ciencias Médicas, Universidade Nova, in Portugal; the Ethic Commission of the Scientific Board of National Institute for Research and Development in Health in Romania; the Ethical Committee of Sant Joan de Deu Serveis de Salut Menta and the Ethical Committee of IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Spain; the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca in Spain—Murcia; and the Human Subjects Committees of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan and of Harvard Medical School in the USA.

: Not applicable.

: In the past 3 years, Dr. Kessler received support for his epidemiological studies from Sanofi Aventis; was a consultant for Johnson & Johnson Wellness and Prevention, Sage Pharmaceuticals, Shire, Takeda; and served on an advisory board for the Johnson & Johnson Services Inc. Lake Nona Life Project. Kessler is a co-owner of DataStat, Inc., a market research firm that carries out healthcare research. All other authors declare that they have competing interests.

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