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Article History

Received: 11 May 2020

Accepted: 3 September 2020

First Online: 9 November 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: All studies were carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Each of the 23 included contributing studies had previously obtained ethics approval from their respective institutional review boards, and all participants provided informed consent. Details of each study can also be found in Additional file Box S1: Further Description of Study Cohorts.

: Not applicable

: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at and declare the following: no support from any organization for the submitted work, no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.Outside the submitted work, S.B. reports personal fees from Lumira Diagnostics, ThermoFisher, Siemens, Abbott Diagnostics, and Roche Diagnostics and grants from ThermoFisher, Siemens, and Abbott Diagnostics. S.S. reports personal fees from Actelion Ltd.; V.S. reports personal fees from Novo Nordisk and Sanofi and grants from Bayer AG. W.K. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, The Medicines Company, DalCor, Kowa, Amgen, Corvidia, Berlin-Chemie, Sanofi, and Daichii-Sankyo, in addition to grants and non-financial support from Beckmann, Singulex, Abbott, and Roche Diagnostics. D.R., M.R., J.J.F.B., J.H., P.J., A.L., S.Sa., T.Pad., B.T., C.M., F.K., A.J.M., H.T.P., L.I., S.C., C.W., and T.Pal. declare no conflict of interest.