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Article History

Received: 22 December 2021

Accepted: 29 June 2022

First Online: 17 August 2022

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. Consent for biological samples has been collected in accordance with the Human Tissue Act (2004). Details can be found at ExternalRef removed. For clinic 1: North Somerset & South Bristol Research Ethics Committee: 08/H0106/96 ALSPAC (Focus on Mothers (2nd September 2008, Confirmed 8th September 2008)). For clinics 2, 3, and 4: National Research Ethics Service Committee South West – Central Bristol: 11/SW/0110 ALSPAC (Focus on Mothers 2 and 3 (1 June 2011, confirmed 20 June 2011)).”

: Not applicable

: AF and KT report funding from UK Medical Research Council, for work unrelated to that presented here. DAL reports receiving support from several national and international government and charity research funders, and grants from Medtronic Ltd for work unrelated to that presented here. SMN has received speaker’s fees and participated in medical advisory boards for Roche. GLC, ALGS, FK, PIW, and NS declare that they have no competing interests.