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Article History

Received: 10 May 2022

Accepted: 3 October 2022

First Online: 11 November 2022

Declarations

:

: The NHANES is a public-use dataset available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The NHANES protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (ExternalRef removed). NHANES has obtained written informed consent from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: JQ: None.OT: None.JG: None.KR: KR has asserted copyright of the Clinical Frailty Scale through Dalhousie University’s Industry, Liaison, and Innovation Office. Use is free for education, research, and not-for-profit health care. Users agree not to change or commercialize the scale. In addition to academic and hospital appointments, KR is cofounder of Ardea Outcomes, which (as DGI Clinical) in the last 3 years has contracts with pharma and device manufacturers (Biogen, Hollister, InMune, Novartis, Nutricia, and Takeda) on individualized outcome measurement. In 2019, KR was paid an honorarium for an interview with Biogen. In 2020, he attended an advisory board meeting with Nutricia on dementia and chaired a scientific workshop and technical review panel on frailty for the Singapore National Research Foundation. Otherwise, any personal fees were for invited guest lectures, rounds and academic symposia, received directly from event organizers for presentations on frailty. KR is associate director of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging, which is funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Alzheimer Society of Canada, and several other charities.DSK: None.