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Article History

Received: 4 July 2022

Accepted: 4 October 2022

First Online: 24 October 2022

Declarations

:

: The protocols of NHANES were approved by the institutional review board of the National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. The SHARE data collection procedures are subject to continuous ethics review by international research ethics principles such as the professional and ethical guidelines for the conduct of socio-economic research and the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was not obtained because the data were analyzed anonymously. As a matter of policy, our local Research Ethics Committee (Nova Scotia Health Research Ethics Board) does not review research involving secondary analyses of deidentified datasets.

: Not applicable.

: Kenneth Rockwood has asserted copyright of the Clinical Frailty Scale through Dalhousie University’s Industry, Liaison, and Innovation Office. Use is free for education, research, and not-for-profit health care. Users agree not to change or commercialize the scale. In addition to academic and hospital appointments, KR is co-founder of Ardea Outcomes, which (as DGI Clinical) in the last 3 years has contracts with pharma and device manufacturers (Danone, Hollister, INmune, Novartis, Takeda) on individualized outcome measurement. In 2020, he attended an advisory board meeting with Nutricia on dementia and chaired a Scientific Workshop & Technical Review Panel on frailty for the Singapore National Research Foundation. He is the Associate Director of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging, itself funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Alzheimer Society of Canada, and several other charities.Other authors declare no potential competing interests.