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Article History

Received: 5 August 2022

Accepted: 29 November 2022

First Online: 11 January 2023

Declarations

:

: Written informed consent was obtained from participating mothers/parents in all cohorts. Ethical approval for the studies was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees for ALSPAC study with initial approval given by the Bristol and Weston Health Authority: E1808 Children of the Nineties: ALSPAC (28/11/1989), the Southmead Health Authority: 49/89 Children of the Nineties -“ALSPAC” (5/04/1990) and the Frenchay Health Authority: 90/8 Children of the Nineties (28/06/1990) (full details are available on the study website ); the Ethical Committee of Hasselt University and the East-Limburg Hospital for ENVIR<i>ON</i>AGE study (B371201216090); the ethics committee of the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute for INMA (2005/2106/I); for Piccolipiù study, the Ethics Committees of the Local Health Unit Roma E (management center, protocol 11/11 approved on 24/05/2011) and the local Ethics Committee of each center, including the Turin center that contribute to this study (Ethical Committee of the University Hospital “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino” and the Hospital “Ordine Mauriziano di Torino,” protocol 383 approved on 24/10/2011); the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital at Heraklion for Rhea study; and the Ethical Committee of São João Hospital/University of Porto Medical School for the GXXI study (authorization n. 5833/2011).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.