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Article History

Received: 28 March 2022

Accepted: 10 January 2023

First Online: 1 February 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for ALSPAC was obtained from the ALSPAC Law and Ethics committee and local research ethics committees (NHS Haydock REC: 10/H1010/70). Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. At age 18, study children were sent 'fair processing' materials describing ALSPAC’s intended use of their health and administrative records and were given clear means to consent or object via a written form. Data were not extracted for participants who objected, or who were not sent fair processing materials. For BiB, Ethics approval has been obtained for the main platform study and all of the individual sub-studies from the Bradford Research Ethics Committee. Written consent was obtained from all participants. The establishment of MoBa and initial data collection was based on a license from the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and approval from The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics. The MoBa cohort is now based on regulations related to the Norwegian Health Registry Act.

: Not applicable.

: DAL has received support from Medtronic Ltd. and Roche Diagnostics for biomarker research unrelated to those presented in this paper. DAL is on the editorial board for BMC Medicine. OAA is a consultant to HealthLytix. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.