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Article History

Received: 30 April 2023

Accepted: 20 July 2023

First Online: 25 July 2023

Declarations

:

: The PPMI project was approved by the Institutional Review Board or Independent Ethics Committee of all participating sites in Europe, including Attikon University Hospital (Greece), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and Hospital Universitario Donostia (Spain), Innsbruck University (Austria), Paracelsus-Elena-Klinic Kassel/University of Marburg (Germany), Imperial College London (UK), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (France), and University of Salerno (Italy), and in the USA, including Emory University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Alabama at Birmingham, PD and Movement Disorders Center of Boca Raton, Boston University, Northwestern University, University of Cincinnati, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Columbia University Medical Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, Oregon Health and Science University, University of Rochester, University of California at San Diego, and University of California, San Francisco. Detailed information is available at ExternalRef removed. The relevant local institutional review boards approved the PPMI protocol and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion. No additional ethics approval was required from the local ethics committee where data was analyzed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.