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Article History

Received: 29 March 2023

Accepted: 9 November 2023

First Online: 29 January 2024

Declarations

:

: ALSPAC: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees (NHS Haydock REC: 10/H1010/70).BiB: Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Bradford National Health Service Research Ethics Committee (ref 06/Q1202/48).DNBC-GOYA: The study was approved by the regional scientific ethics committee and by the Danish Data Protection Board.DNBC-PTB: Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Scientific Ethical Committee of Copenhagen and the study was also approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency.EFSOCH: All women gave informed consent and ethical approval was obtained from the local review committee.FinnGen: The Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District has approved the FinnGen consortium (Nr HUS/990/2017), and the ethical approval of each individual study has been described in detail elsewhere [35].Gen3G: Ethics approval was obtained from the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) Ethics Review Board for Studies with Humans.Generation R: The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam and informed consent was obtained for all participants.HAPO: The protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each field center. All participants gave written informed consent. An external data and safety monitoring committee provided oversight.INMA: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committees in each participating region.MoBa: The establishment of MoBa and initial data collection was based on a licene from the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and approval from The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics. The MoBa cohort is currently regulated by the Norwegian Health Registry Act. The current study was approved by The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics of South/East Norway (ref 2018/1256).NFBC1966 and 1986: An informed consent for the use of the data including DNA was obtained from all subjects. NFBC1966 received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District (EETTMK: 94/2011) and Oulu University, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland. NFBC1986 received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District (EETTMK: 108/ 2017) and Oulu University, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland.UK Biobank: Ethical approval for UKB was obtained from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC), and our study was performed under UKB application number 23938.Details of ethical approval and consent to participate of each study can also be found in Additional file InternalRef removed: Supplementary Methods.

: Not applicable.

: DAL receives support from several national and international government and charitable research funders, as well as from Medtronic Ltd and Roche Diagnostics for research unrelated to that presented here. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.