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Article History

Received: 17 January 2024

Accepted: 5 September 2024

First Online: 27 September 2024

Declarations

:

: We have obtained ethical or information governance approvals from the following committees: NHS London Queen Square Ethics Committee (full approval, reference: 18/LO/1514); Confidentiality Advisory Group (full approval, reference: 18/CAG/0159); Administrative Data Research Network (approval, reference PROJ-194); ONS Research Accreditation Panel (full approval, reference 2019/020); National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee (full approval, reference: 18 (07)); Independent Group Advising on Release of Data (NHS Digital; full approval, DARS-NIC-234656).Approvals for the City Birth Cohort were obtained as follows. Ethics approval 05/Q0603/108 and subsequent substantial amendments were granted by East London and City Local Research Ethics Committee 1 and its successors. Permissions to use patient identifiable data without consent PIAG 2–10(g)/2005 and CAG 9–08(b) 2014 were granted by the Confidentiality Advisory Group and its predecessors. Permission to access data from the Office for National Statistics in the Virtual Microdata Laboratory, now known as the Secure Research Service was granted by ONS’s Microdata Release Panel, now superseded by its Research Advisory Panel. Permission to link and analyse data held by the Health and Social Care Information Centre, now known as NHS Digital, was granted under Data Sharing Agreements NIC-273840-N0N0N and subsequently under DARS-NIC-10094-P6P4B-v6.7.Patient consent was not required to use the deidentified data in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.