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Article History

Received: 25 April 2024

Accepted: 8 November 2024

First Online: 18 December 2024

Declarations

:

: This study linked the Household Registration files to obtain the mother’s basic demographic data, the National Health Insurance Research Database (the NHIRD, a population-based and comprehensive healthcare database that contains de-identified registration files and claims data from the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan) to obtain the mother’s and the child’s health and medical utilizations and medical expenses from emergency visits, outpatient and hospitalization records, the “Substance Abuse Control Database” that contained crime records for information on illicit substance uses in women, the Nation’s Birth Registration and Birth Notification files, and the Death Registration files. All personal information, including ID numbers and other data, was encrypted, ensuring no specific identifications could be obtained. The research team went into the Science Center, performing statistical analyses only on the data the Center provided by the Center’s regulations. Since no personal identifications are possible, informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan Normal University (IRB number: 202002HM010).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.