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Article History

Received: 5 September 2024

Accepted: 14 February 2025

First Online: 7 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The data partners have obtained institutional review board exemption for their participation in this study. Informed consent was waived because the study used deidentified data, and no patients were contacted.

: Not applicable.

: Kenneth K.C. Man reports grants from the CW Maplethorpe Fellowship, National Institute of Health Research, UK, Hong Kong Research Grant Council and the European Commission Horizon 2020 Framework, personal fees from IQVIA and grants from Amgen and GlaxoSmithKline, outside the submitted work; Joseph F. Hayes reports grants from UKRI, NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust and Consultancy Fees from Wellcome Trust and juli Health, outside the submitted work; Xue Li reports grants from the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF, HMRF Fellowship Scheme, HKSAR), Research Grants Council Early Career Scheme (RGC/ECS, HKSAR), Janssen, and Pfizer, internal funding from the University of Hong Kong; and consultancy fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer, outside the submitted work; Eric Y.F. Wan reports grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, outside the submitted work; Celine S.L. Chui reports grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, Pfizer, IQVIA, MSD, and Amgen and personal fees from PrimeVigilance, outside the submitted work; Wallis C.Y. Lau reports receiving grants from AIR@InnoHK administered by the Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong, outside the submitted work; Esther W. Chan reports grants from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau of Hong Kong, National Natural Science Fund of China, Wellcome Trust, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Amgen, Takeda and Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of Hong Kong; honorarium from Hospital Authority, outside the submitted work; Ian C.K. Wong reports grants from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK and Novartis, the Hong Kong RGC, and the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund in Hong Kong, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia, consulting fees from IQVIA, payment for expert testimony and is an independent non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong, outside of the submitted work; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Hao Luo reports grants from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, outside the submitted work; All other authors declare no competing interests.