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Article History

Received: 1 August 2024

Accepted: 26 February 2025

First Online: 24 March 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Outside the submitted work, PB declares funding received by his institute from Merck for research on varicella-zoster and Pfizer for research on pneumococcus vaccine, XL declares funding received by her institute from Icosavax, but they have not received any personal fees or other personal benefits. CKJ reports a research grant from Nordsjællands Hospital, travel grants from the University of Copenhagen, William Demants Fond in Denmark, and the European Society of Clinical Virology and expert consultation fees from Sanofi, outside of the submitted work. Outside the submitted work, HN declares consulting fees received from WHO, Pfizer, Bill and Medlinda Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Sanofi, honoraria for lectures/presentations from Astra Zeneca, GSK and Pfizer paid to his institution, travel grants from Pfizer and Sanofi, and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of GSK, Sanofi, Merck, Icosavax, Pfizer (paid to his institution), as well as WHO and ResViNET (unpaid). AUF declares grants/contracts from Moderna and VAC4EU paid to her institution, outside submitted work. AOS and JDD declares grants/contracts from Moderna, MSD and GSK paid to their institution, outside submitted work. AOS also declares consultancy fees from GSK and Moderna, outside submitted work. JDD declares consultancy fees and honoraria from GSK, Pfizer and MSD, and travel grants from Sanofi and GSK, outside the submitted work. HS declares attending Adult Immunization Board meetings twice a year, the meetings (and travel) are funded by an unrestricted grant from Vaccines Europe, outside submitted work. LW declares grants received from Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Antwerp University Research Council and Horizon Europe 2.1 – Health paid to his institute, outside the submitted work. MJ declares research grants from NIHR, RCUK, BMGF, WHO, Gavi, Wellcome Trust, European Commission, InnoHK, TFGH, CDC, Gates Foundation paid to his institution, outside the submitted work. Other authors declared no competing interests.