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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The Health and Retirement Study is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01 AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan (IRB Protocol: HUM00061128 approved through 10/18/2018). Ethical approval for all the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing waves was granted from NHS Research Ethics Committees under the National Research and Ethics Service (NRES): wave 2 and wave 3 received ethical approval from the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee on 12 th August 2004 (MREC/04/2/006) and 27 th October 2005 (05/MRE02/63); wave 4 received ethical approval from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Institute of Neurology Joint Research Ethics Committee on 12 th October 2007 (07/H0716/48); wave 5 received ethical approval from the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 21 st December 2009 (09/H0505/124); wave 6 and wave 7 received ethical approval from the NRES Committee South Central—Berkshire on 28 th November 2012 (11/SC/0374) and 28 th November 2013 (13/SC/0532); wave 8 and wave 9 received ethical approval from the South Central – Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 23rd September 2015 (15/SC/0526) and 10 th May 2018 (17/SC/0588). The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-14010). All participants provided written consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.