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Article History

Received: 6 March 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 15 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study received ethical approval from the Medical School Ethics Committee at the Federal University of Pelotas for each follow-up phase (approval numbers: perinatal and 3 months—40601116; 12 months—40601113; 24 months—40600006 [Ofício 046/06]; 48 months—40600007 [Ofício 012/07]; 6–7 years—40602124 [Ofício 35/10]; 11 years—889.753; 15 years—3.554.667; 18 years—5.210.484). Mothers or legal guardians provided informed consent after receiving detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. Adolescents provided written assent at ages 11 and 15, and informed consent at age 18. Participants identified with severe mental health symptoms by trained psychologists were referred for appropriate psychological or psychiatric care when necessary.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any person’s data in any form (including personal details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.