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Authors
Zhuo, Zhizheng
Xu, Xiaolu
Xu, Siyao
Yao, Shi
Weng, Jinyuan
Zhou, Fuqing
Hua, Tiantian
Sun, Jun
Cheng, Dan
Cao, Guanmei
Zhang, Xinghu
Shi, Fudong
Yang, Tielin
Haller, Sven
Altmann, Andre
Li, Yuehua
Tian, Decai
Duan, Yunyun
Liu, Yaou
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Hospital Management Center Young Talents (QML20210505)
Young Scientists Program of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (YSP202205)
National Science Foundation of China (82202084)
Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (JQ20035)
Ministry of Science and Technology of China-National Key Research Project (2022YFC2009904)
Capital Medical University Young Scholars (Z2202)
Beijing Hospital Management Center-Climb Plan (YL)
Beijing Young Scholars (YL)
ECTRIMS-MAGNMIS Fellowship from ECTRIMS (YL)
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Article History
Received: 18 October 2024
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 2 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (No. KY 2019–050-02). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of external datasets was approved by local ethics committees.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study for the publication of anonymized data. Additional written consent was obtained for the use of identifiable images or case details (if applicable). The study protocol was approved by the Beijing Tiantan Hospital Ethics Committee (Approval No. KY 2019–050-02).
: Jinyuan Weng is an employee of Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China. Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
