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Authors
Zhang, Yue
Zhou, Yaguan
Kivimäki, Mika
Holt-Lunstad, Julianne
Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.
Xu, Xiaolin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z)
Medical Research Council (MR/Y014154/1)
National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477, R01AG062553)
Research Council of Finland (350426)
China Medical Board (21-416)
Natural Science Foundation of Shenyang Municipality (72474197)
Zhejiang University, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis based on publicly available datasets, which is exempted from Institutional Review Board. All studies were approved by Institutional Review Boards and the respondents provided written informed consent. The CHARLS was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The ELSA was approved by the South Central—Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (09/H0505/124; 11/SC/0374; 13/SC/0532; 15/SC/0526; 17/SC/0588). The HRS was approved by the Institute for Social Research and Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan (NIA U01AG009740). The SHARE was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim and the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Society.
: Not applicable. This study used de-identified data from the publicly available database, which contains no personally identifiable information. Therefore, individual patient consent for publication was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
