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Authors
Østergaard, Helle K.
Lane, Jennifer C. E.
Madsen, Merete Nørgaard
Felländer-Tsai, Li
Berg, Hans E.
Toft, Marianne
Qureshi, Abdul Rashid
Craig, Richard
Furniss, Dominic
Costa, Matthew
Gwilym, Stephen
Mechlenburg, Inger
Launonen, Antti P.
Rees, Jonathan L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Versus Arthritis
Medical Research Council
National Institute for Health Research Barts Biomedical Research Centre ((NIHR203330))
regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (dnr. RS 2019-1054)
Royal College of Surgeons and National Joint Registry
Dagmar Marshall Foundation
Academy of Finland (ref 341375)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: Data access and approval were gained through national authorities. In Denmark, approval was gained by the Danish Data Protection Agency (reference no. 680317, case no. 1–16-02–100-20). In England, approval was gained by NHS Data Access Advisory group and NHS Digital data sharing agreement (DARS-NIC-29827-Q8Z7Q); the University of Oxford research services (Project ID 12787), and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03573765). In Sweden, approval was obtained from the regional ethics committee in Stockholm and the national ethical authority in Sweden (Dnr: 2013/581–31, 2020–04776, 2020/06182).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
