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Authors
Chen, Fang Fang
Klemperer, Elias M.
Erath, Tyler G.
DeSarno, Michael
Leventhal, Adam M.
Higgins, Stephen T.
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2024
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study is based on secondary analysis of the NSDUH 2002–2019 public-use datasets, which are de-identified and publicly available. Therefore, ethics approval and informed consent were not required.
: All authors approved the final manuscript and consent to publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
