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Authors
Rose, Angela Mary Catherine
Nicolay, Nathalie
Mazagatos, Clara
Martínez-Baz, Iván
Launay, Odile
De Mot, Laurane
Bella, Antonino
Lazar, Mihaela
Machado, Ausenda
Kuliešė, Monika
Abela, Stephen
Vučina, Vesna Višekruna
van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Rianne
Bino, Silvia
Dürrwald, Ralf
Paradowska-Stankiewicz, Iwona
Horváth, Judit Krisztina
Duffy, Róisín
Husa, Petr
McMenamin, Jim
Pozo, Francisco
Howard, Jennifer
Latorre-Millán, Miriam
Castilla, Jesús
Nguyen, Liem Binh Luong
Dauby, Nicolas
Riccardo, Flavia
Ivanciuc, Alina
Gomez, Verónica
Jančorienė, Ligita
Xuereb, Gerd
Petrović, Goranka
Marbus, Sierk
Vasili, Adela
Tolksdorf, Kristin
Bogusz, Joanna
Oroszi, Beatrix
Domegan, Lisa
Součková, Lenka
Marsh, Kimberley
Bacci, Sabrina
Kissling, Esther
,
Genderini, Francesco
Van Den Wijngaert, Sigi
Kollár, Gabriella
Kaić, Bernard
Filipović, Sanja Kurečić
Novosel, Iva Pem
Makarić, Zvjezdana Lovrić
Zajec, Martina
Ilić, Maja
Mlinarić, Ivan
Tabain, Irena
Smoljo, Petra
Biere, Barbara
Buda, Silke
Erdwiens, Annika
Hackmann, Carolin
Preuß, Ute
Reiche, Janine
Wedde, Marianne
Ferenczi, Annamária
Juhász, Krisztina M.
Túri, Gergő
Velkey, Viktória
Kristóf, Katalin
Fenyves, Bánk G.
Varga, Csaba
Knausz, Márta
Burkali, Bernadett
Fitzgerald, Margaret
Fatukasi, Terra
O’Donnell, Joan
Bennett, Charlene
O’Connell, Jeff
Lozano, Marcos
Pérez-Gimeno, Gloria
Milagro, Ana
Urdiales, Alberto M.
Vaikutyte-Ramanauskiene, Roberta
Mickiene, Aukse
Zablockiene, Birute
Gefenaite, Giedre
Navascués, Ana
Miqueleiz, Ana
Fernández-Huerta, Miguel
Ezpeleta, Carmen
Echeverria, Aitziber
Trobajo-Sanmartín, Camino
Casado, Itziar
Egüés, Nerea
Cenoz, Manuel G.
Burgui, Cristina
Ezpeleta, Guillermo
Rodrigues, Ana Paula
Verdasca, Nuno
Gomes, Licínia
Dias, Daniela
Guiomar, Raquel
Gomes, Victor
Panarra, António
Dias, Liliana
Almeida, André
Gruner, Heidi
Côrte-Real, Rita
Lopes, Paula
Peres, Maria João
Poças, José
Pereira, Débora
Tavares, Margarida
Pinto, Paula
de Lacerda, António Pais
Bárbara, Cristina
Loghin, Isabela I.
Popescu, Corneliu
Popovici, Silvia-Odette
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission Horizon 2020 (634446)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (Framework Contract ECDC/2021/016)
Epiconcept
World Health Organization, European Region
Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba (SEN-03/2015)
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Article History
Received: 22 May 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The planning, conduct and reporting of the studies was in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. Official ethical approval was not required if studies were classified as being part of routine care/surveillance (Ireland, Italy, Malta, later seasons in Spain). In Belgium and Germany, VE is included in SARI surveillance. For Belgium, the study protocol was approved by the central Ethical Committee (CHU ST Pierre, Bruxelles) and each participating hospital’s local ethical committees in 2011 (AK/12-02-11/4111), and updated from 2014 (UZ-Brussel en VUB B.U.N. 143201215671). The German SARI surveillance was approved by the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Ethical Board (Reference EA2/218/19). Other study sites obtained local ethical approval from a national review board (Croatia: approved by the Ethics committee of the Croatian Institute of Public Health on 25 September 2015 (3-year approval), 21 November 2018, 7 November 2019, 26 November 2020, 24 May 2021, 26 January 2022, 20 June 2022 and 3 July 2023, Number 80-2661/1-15; Klasa: 030-02/18-01/1, Ur. broj 381-10-18-2; Klasa: 030-02/18-01/1, Ur.broj 381-15-19-4; Klasa:030-02/20-01/3, Ur.broj 381-15-20-2; Klasa:030-02/21-01/1, Ur.broj:381-15-21-7; Klasa:030-02/21-01/1, Ur.broj:381-15-22-14, Klasa: 030-02/22-01/2, Ur.broj:381-15-22-2, Klasa:030-02/23-01/3, Ur.broj: 117-15-23-3; Hungary: approved by the National Scientific and Ethical Committee (ETT/TUKEB 56025-3/2014/EKU; ETT/TUKEB 44088-3/2015/EKU; IV/1885‐5/2021/EKU); Lithuania: approved by Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee for influenza seasons 2015-2020 (Nos P1-158200-04-476-138/2012, P2-158200-04-476-138/2012, P3-158200-04-476-138/2012, P4-158200-04-476-138/2012, P5-158200-04-476-138/2012, P6-158200-04-476-138/2012, P7-158200-04-476-138/2012), and approved by Lithuanian Bioethics Committee on 03 July 2020, and later permission extended for the study period for seasons 2020-2024, No. L-20-3/1-2; Navarre: approved by the Navarre Ethical Committee for Medical Research, Pyto2015/95 and EO2021/21; The Netherlands: the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (Dutch acronym: WMO) did not apply, because only fully anonymous data were used and there were no interventions other than routine clinical care. A waiver for full medical ethical review was obtained from the Medical Ethical Committee of the University Medical Center Utrecht, reference No. WAG/om/15/034147; Portugal: approvals and/or amendments 22 May 2015, 28 September 2026, 12 December 2018, 28 April 2020, 19 January 2021, 7 June 2022 by the Ethics Committee of Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, no registration number given; Romania: approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ministerul Apărării Naionale Institutul Naional de Cercetare pentru Dezvoltare Medico-Militară “Cantacuzino” for the period 2022–2023, No. CE199/2022; Spanish local sites for the I-MOVE periods (Donostia University Hospital, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital from Granada, and Miguel Servet University Hospital from Zaragoza) obtained their ethical approvals for each season or protocol, from different ethic committees – Euskadi: PI2015104, 14 September 2015, Aragón: PI15/0123, 15 April 2015, with amendment 28 September 2016, Osakidetza: 20 November 2018, Aragón: PI19/430 01 April 2020, Andalucía: code f12f8377d78c34a25d6935eff535cd26715e2b8c, 15 April 2020).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
