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Authors
Salatzki, Janek
Condurache, Dorina-Gabriela
D’Angelo, Stefania
Salih, Ahmed M.
Szabo, Liliana
Mahmood, Adil
Curtis, Elizabeth M.
Petersen, Steffen E.
Altmann, Andre
Frey, Norbert
André, Florian
Harvey, Nicholas C.
Raisi-Estabragh, Zahra
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V. (DZHK), Germany
Deutsche Herzstiftung e.V., Germany
National Institute for Health and Care Research Barts Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203330)
Barts Charity (G-002530, G-002777, G-002389)
Medical Research Council (MC_PC_21003; MC_PC_21001)
National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre
Leicester City Football Club (LCFC) Programme
National Institute for Healthcare Research (NIHR) Integrated Academic Training (ACF-2022-19-003)
NIHR Integrated Academic Training programme (CL-2021-19-00)
British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship (FS/17/81/33318)
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki and is covered by ethical approval for UK Biobank studies granted by the NHS National Research Ethics Service on June 17, 2011 (Ref 11/NW/0382), with an extension on June 18, 2021 (Ref 21/NW/0157). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Individuals who withdrew their consent after recruitment were excluded from the analysis. For the MR analyses, the study was conducted using publicly available GWAS summary statistics, and as such, ethical approval was not required.
: Not applicable.
: SEP provides consultancy to Cardiovascular Imaging Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
