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Authors
Decina, Caitlin S.
Beaumont, Robin N.
Juodakis, Julius
Warrington, Nicole M.
Patel, Kashyap A.
Njølstad, Pål R.
Johansson, Stefan
Hattersley, Andrew T.
Jacobsson, Bo
Lowe, William L. Jr.
Evans, David M.
Freathy, Rachel M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
QUEX Institute PhD Studentship
Wellcome Senior Research Fellowship (WT220390)
The Swedish Research Council (2019-01004)
Agreement concerning research and education of doctors (ALFGBG-1005151)
Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (APP2008723, APP2017942)
European Research Council (293574)
Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen
Trond Mohn Foundation (TMS2022TMT01)
Research Council of Norway (240413, 315599)
Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0054741)
University of Bergen
Western Norway Regional Health Authority
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health (R01HD101669)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health was given by the North and East Devon (UK) Local Research Ethics Committee (approval number 1104), and informed consent was obtained from the parents of the newborns.Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. Consent for biological samples has been collected in accordance with the Human Tissue Act (2004). Study participants have the right to withdraw their consent for elements of the study or from the study entirely. Full details of the ALSPAC consent procedures are available on the study website ( ).Ethics approval was obtained for the main platform study and all of the individual sub-studies from the Bradford Research Ethics Committee.The establishment of MoBa and initial data collection was based on a license from the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and approval from The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics. The MoBa cohort is currently regulated by the Norwegian Health Registry Act. The administrative board of MoBa led by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health approved the study protocol and the current study was approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (no. 2012/67).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
