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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (reference ID 1244; approval date: July 16, 2002), and by the Institutional Review Boards of the participating centers (Universities of Barcelona, Valencia, Rovira i Virgili, Málaga, and Las Palmas; Municipal Institute for Medical Research; Primary Care Divisions of Barcelona and Sevilla; Institute of Research in Health Sciences at Palma de Mallorca; Hospital Txagorritxu of Vitoria; and University Hospital of Bellvitge). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: RMLR reported personal fees from Cerveceros de España, UNIDECO, Adventia, Wine in Moderation, and Ecoveritas S.A., all outside the submitted work. ER reported grants, personal fees, non-financial support, and other support from the California Walnut Commission during the conduct of the study; and grants, personal fees, non-financial support, and other support from Alexion, all outside the submitted work. RE reported grants from the Fundación Dieta Mediterránea and Fundación Cerveza y Salud, as well as personal fees for lectures from Brewers of Europe, Fundación Cerveza y Salud, Instituto Cervantes (Albuquerque, Milan, Tokyo), Pernod Ricard, and the Wine and Culinary International Forum. He also received non-financial support for the organization of a national nutrition congress and for feeding trials with products from Grand Fountain and Uriach Laboratories (Spain). JSS reported receiving consulting fees or travel expenses from Instituto Danone Spain; non-financial support from Hojiblanca, Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero, the Almond Board of California, Pistachio Growers and Borges S.A.; serving on the board of, and receiving grant support through his institution from, the International Nut and Dried Fruit Foundation; and serving on the Scientific Board of the Danone Institute International (nonpayed member). The remaining authors declared no competing interests.