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Authors
Yusufu, Mayinuer
Burton, Matthew J.
Jin, Shanshan
Shang, Xianwen
Zhang, Lei
Shi, Danli
He, Mingguang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Melbourne Research Scholarship
Global STEM Professorship Scheme (P0046113)
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 13 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The UK Biobank study received ethics approval from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (Ref 11/NW/0382) and obtained consent from participants at enrollment.
: Not applicable.
: MH and DS hold a patent for A System and a Method for Assessing Health Risk Using Retina Fundus Images (AU 2022903650). The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
