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Authors
Akoumianakis, Ioannis
Gilligan, Lorna C.
Bunting, Karina V.
Fobian, Dannie
Kirchhof, Paulus
Arlt, Wiebke
Taylor, Angela E.
Pavlovic, Davor
Kotecha, Dipak
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
British Heart Foundation (AA/18/2/34218)
British Heart Foundation (PG/17/55/33087)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (CDF-2015-08-074)
Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203326)
Medical Research Council Health Data Research UK (HDRUK/CFC/01)
Cook & Wolstenholme Charitable Trust
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
:
: East Midlands–Derby research ethics committee (16/EM/0178) and the Health Research Authority (IRAS 191437).
: Original figures only. The CTS structure of ouabain displayed in the graphical abstract was obtained from Wikimedia Commons and is open-source with no licensing restrictions. No material has previously been published.
: DP reports grants from the British Heart Foundation (PG/17/55/33087, RG/17/15/33106, FS/19/12/34204; FS/19/16/34169), Wellcome Trust (Seed Award Grant 109604/Z/15/Z), Medical Research Council (MR/N013913/1 Impact DTP) and Animal Free Research UK (AFR19-20293). PK receives research support for basic, translational, and clinical research projects from European Union, British Heart Foundation, Leducq Foundation, Medical Research Council (UK), and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, from several drug and device companies active in atrial fibrillation, and has received honoraria from several such companies in the past, but not in the last three years. PK was partially supported by European Union AFFECT-AF (grant agreement 847770), and MAESTRIA (grant agreement 965286), British Heart Foundation (PG/17/30/32961; PG/20/22/35093; AA/18/2/34218), German Center for Cardiovascular Research supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (DZHK, grant numbers DZHK FKZ 81X2800182, 81Z0710116, and 81Z0710110), German Research Foundation (Ki 509167694), and Leducq Foundation. PK is listed as inventor on two issued patents held by University of Hamburg (Atrial Fibrillation Therapy WO 2015140571, Markers for Atrial Fibrillation WO 2016012783). DK reports grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR CDF-2015–08-074 RATE-AF; NIHR130280 DaRe2THINK; NIHR132974 D2T-NeuroVascular; NIHR203326 Biomedical Research Centre), the British Heart Foundation (PG/17/55/33087, AA/18/2/34218 and FS/CDRF/21/21032), the EU/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart 116074), EU Horizon (HYPERMARKER 101095480), UK National Health Service -Data for R&D- Subnational Secure Data Environment programme, UK Dept. for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy Regulators Pioneer Fund, the Cook & Wolstenholme Charitable Trust, and the European Society of Cardiology supported by educational grants from Boehringer Ingelheim/BMS-Pfizer Alliance/Bayer/Daiichi Sankyo/Boston Scientific, the NIHR/University of Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and British Heart Foundation/University of Birmingham Accelerator Award (STEEER-AF). KVB declares grants from the British Heart Foundation (FS/CDRF/21/21032 and AA/18/2/34218). WA declares grants from the British Heart Foundation (PG/17/55/33087). IA, LG, DF and AET have nothing to declare.
