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Authors
Hanlon, Peter
Wightman, Heather
Sullivan, Michael
Lees, Jennifer S.
Butterly, Elaine W.
Wei, Lili
McChrystal, Ryan
Whalley, Eva
Almazam, Saleh Ali
Alsallumi, Khalid
Petrie, John
Adler, Amanda
Sattar, Naveed
Morales, Daniel R.
Guthrie, Bruce
McAllister, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Academy of Medical Sciences (SGL029\1013)
Tenovus (S22-27)
Wellcome Trust (301005/Z/23/Z)
Medical Research Council (MR/T017112/1, MR/W006049/1)
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for IPD use was obtained from the University of Glasgow MVLS College Ethics Committee (Project: 200160070).
: Not applicable.
: Dr Petrie reported receiving personal fees from Merck KGaA, Novo Nordisk, IQVIA, and Boehringer Ingelheim and receiving nonfinancial support from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. Dr Adler reported that her trials unit is undertaking a trial funded by Novo Nordisk. Dr Sattar reported receiving grant funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics and receiving personal fees from Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Menarini-Ricerche, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, and Sanofi.Outside the submitted work, Dr Lees has received personal lectureship honoraria from Astra Zeneca and consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim.
