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Authors
Rojas-Castro, Madelyn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-7946
Mulchandani, Ranya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-1060
Brolin, Kim https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4353-7922
Makarić, Zvjezdana Lovrić https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-2116
Uusküla, Anneli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4036-3856
Bergin, Colm
Fleming, Catherine
Bonfanti, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-8823
Murri, Rita https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9468-5458
Zvirbulis, Viesturs
Zavadska, Dace https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-3763
Szuldrzynski, Konstanty
Gaio, Vânia
Popescu, Corneliu Petru
Craiu, Mihai
Hrișcă, Raluca-Maria
Cisneros, Maria
Latorre-Millán, Miriam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-0124
Petrović, Goranka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-5519
Lohur, Liss
McGrath, Jonathan
Ferguson, Lauren
Spolti, Anna
De Gaetano Donati, Katleen
Abolina, Ilze
Gravele, Dagne
Machado, Ausenda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-1499
Florescu, Simin Aysel
Lazar, Mihaela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-6026
Subirats, Pilar
Clusa, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-2331
Sarajlić, Gordan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3722-8795
Sui, Jacklyn
Kenny, Claire
Santangelo, Rosaria
Krievins, Dainis
Barzdina, Elza Anna
Henriques, Camila Valadas
Kosa, Alma Gabriela
Pohrib, Săftica-Mariana
Miron, Victor Daniel
Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-404X
Milagro, Ana Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3888-8952
Bacci, Sabrina
Savulescu, Camelia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-835X
,
Sepp, Hanna
Domegan, Lisa
O’Donell, Joan
Kernan, Maeve
Moriarty, Anne
Moran, Conor
De Angelis, Giulia
Menchinelli, Giulia
Recine, Cinzia
Zelli, Silvia
Falasca, Benedetta
Lamonica, Silvia
Bošnjak, Zrinka
Budimir, Ana
Žarko, Tvrtko
Rašić, Božena
Ćurković, Marko
Makarić, Porin
Repovečki, Senka
Petir, Kornelija
Tabain, Irena
Čavlek, Tatjana Vilibić
Meisters, Janis
Zemite, Laura
Snipe, Hilda Darta
Ergle, Estere
Amaral, Ana Palmira
Santos, João Almeida
Dias, Daniela
Gomes, Licínia
Lança, Miguel
Carvalho, Henrique
Alves, Jose
Codreanu, Daniel R.
Marin, Alexandru
Pérez-Arguello, Amaresh
Jordan, Iolanda
Garcia-Garcia, Juan Jose
López, Antonio Rezusta
Baró, Alexander Isaias Tristancho
Ascaso, Ignacio Ezpeleta
Jollard, Sandra Dueñas
Marco, Noelia Terren
Vicente, Tamara Valero
Cameo, Nieves Felisa Martínez
Grataloup, Yolanda Gracia
Mateos, David Martínez
Angós, Beatriz Gilaberte
Larrea, Diego Ortega
Alejaldre, María Pilar Abad
Carbó, Cristina Carrasco
Giménez, Carmen Martínez
Andrés, Maria Gemma Martínez
del Moral Redolat, Bruno
Blasco, Ana Maria Sabio
Guiomar, Raquel
Melo, Aryse
Pozo, Francisco
Ganser, Iris
López, Cristina
Prats, Albert
Nardone, Antony
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC/2021/017)
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The planning, conduct and reporting of the current study were in line with the Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013 ( ). Informed consent was obtained from each participant at the enrolment in the study. The study was approved by the Ethical review committees from each hospital: Eticko Povjerenstvo Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo (HZJZ) Croatia, Zagreb: 381-15-21-3; Tartu Ülikooli inimuuringute eetika komitee, Estonia: 382/M-7; Clinical research ethics committee, Galway University Hospital, Ireland: C.A. 2693; SJH/TUH Joint Research Ethics Committee, Ireland: 0513; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Rome, Italy : 00372/23; Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca presented same approval as Policlinico Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Spalanzzani IRCCS; Ethics Committee for Clinical Research at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Latvia: 241023 - 3L; Ethics Committee for Clinical Research at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, extended to Children Clinical University Hospital, Latvia: 241023 - 10L; Ethic Committee Name: Komisja Etyki I Nadzoru nad Badaniami na Ludziach I Zwierzetach przy Centralnyum Szpitalu Klinicznym MSWIA w Warszawie, Poland, Warszawie: 15/2022; Comissão de Ética para a Saúde, INSA Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Portugal: INSA-IM60_05; Comisia de Etica a Spitalului Clinic de Boli Infectioase si Tropicale “Dr. Victor Babes”, Romania: 14420; Comisia Locala de Etica a Spitalului Universitar de Urgenta Militar Central “Carol Davila”, Romania: 646; Ethic Committee Name: Comisia de Etica a Cercetarii-Dezvoltarii din cadrul Institutului National pentru Sanatatea Mamei si Copilului “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, Approval Code: 1464, Approval Date: 18 January 2023; Comité de Ética de la Investigación de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (CEICA), HU Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain: PI21-176 and PI22/483; Comité De Ética De La Investigación Con Medicamentos, Sant Joan de Déu, Fundacio de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain: 17/2023.
: Not applicable.
: M.L.M, A.M, and L.C reported receiving additional funds from the European Union Research and Innovation programme Horizon Europe (ISIDORe – Grant Agreement Number 101046133) for conducting local SARS-CoV-2 sequencing. CPP and S.A.F reported speaker fees from and participation in the advisory boards of Pfizer and M.S.D. S.A.F reports also participating in the Advisory Board of Gilead. C.M.A reported speaker fees from M.S.D, Pfizer and Sanofi. J.S reported support for attending the ESID conference 2022 from Takeda Pharmaceutical. R.H and S.P reported a grant attributed to their institution on “PSCD Longitudinal evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 immune status post-natural infection and post-vaccination”. C.M.A reported speaker fees from M.S.D. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.
