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Authors
Li, Xiang
Wang, Zhongxuan
Wang, Qi
Fu, Chunying
Xie, Bo
Zhang, Luyi
Zhang, Xiaoyu
Zhu, Dongshan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82273702)
Science Fund Program for Excellent Young Scholars of Shandong Province (2022HWYQ-030)
Taishan Scholars Project Special Fund (tsqnz20221103)
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Article History
Received: 21 May 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: All participating studies were approved by Institutional Review Boards and the respondents provided written informed consent. The Health and Retirement Study was approved by the Institute for Social Research and Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan (NIA U01AG009740); the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015); and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing was approved by the South Central-Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (09/H0505/124; 11/SC/0374; 13/SC/0532; 15/SC/0526; 17/SC/0588). Ethical approval was not required for the analysis of the public open data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
