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Authors
Dong, Xue
Aveyard, Paul
Yang, Xiaochen
Kivimaki, Mika
Chen, Shanquan
Firth, Joseph
Drakesmith, Cynthia Wright
Gao, Min
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Scholarship Council program (202306010289)
China Scholarship Council program (202406010160)
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z)
National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477)
a UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/Y033876/1)
the Oxford and Thames Valley Applied Research Collaboration
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study obtained ethics approval through CPRD Research Data Governance (RDG) process (Protocol number 22_002449).
: This study is based in part on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink obtained under licence from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The data is provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. The interpretation and conclusions contained in this study are those of the author/s alone.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
