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Authors
Alemu, Bekalu Kassie
Wang, Chi Chiu
Poon, Liona C.
Wang, Yao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Hong Kong Obstetrical & Gynaecological Trust Fund
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Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: In the CHILD cohort, mothers gave written informed consent under the Declaration of Helsinki, and all the procedures were conducted per this declaration’s ethical principles. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Boards at McMaster University, the University of Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia, and the Hospital for Sick Children. Moreover, the CUHK-NTEC-CREC (Ref: 2023.500) and the CHILD database (CONCEPT PROPOSAL: 1110) also approved it.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
