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Authors
Batty, Jonathan A.
Hayward, Christopher J.
Lyons, Ronan A.
Gale, Chris P.
Peek, Niels
Hall, Marlous
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (227498/Z/23/Z; R127002)
Wellcome Trust (206470/Z/17/Z)
British Heart Foundation (BHF-Turing-19/02/1022)
Alan Turing Institute (TU/ASG/R-SPEH-114)
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: The use of de-identified data in this project was approved by the SAIL Information Governance Review Panel (26 June 2019, project 0911). The SAIL databank has ongoing ethical approval from the UK National Research Ethics Service (NRES).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
