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Authors
Sklar, Julie
Stacey, David
Nickel, Grace
Butterworth, Adam S.
Allara, Elias
Gaziano, Liam
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
British Heart Foundation (FKZ 81X2100281)
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203312)
Health Data Research UK (R2071CNR)
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Article History
Received: 2 July 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: UK Biobank received approval from the North West Centre for Research Ethics Committee (11/NW/0382). This research has been conducted under the UK Biobank Application Number 608471. All other data used were publicly available datasets, and ethical approval and informed consent is described in the original studies.
: Not applicable.
: A.S.B. reports institutional grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Novartis, Regeneron and Sanofi. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
