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Authors
Abreu, Taymara C.
Beulens, Joline W. J.
Vaartjes, Ilonca
Mackenbach, Joreintje D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
EXPOSOME-NL is funded through the Gravitation program of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO grant number 024.004.017)
EXPANSE received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 874627)
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Article History
Received: 5 April 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: The present study solely used secondary, anonymised, and publicly available SHARE data. For each wave, data were collected with participant consent and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim, the Ethics Committee of the Max Planck Society and ethics committees in participating countries, in line with the Declaration of Helsinki (Börsch-Supan 2020; Börsch-Supan et al. [ ]). For more information see: .
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
